Hopes languished last September when a promising candidate HIV vaccine failed to work. Despite this setback, many researchers still believe immunization is possible, and a new study suggests they are correct—at least at the cellular level.
Working in mice infected with HIV, a team used RNA interference to knock down three genes in T cells, protecting them from the virus. This method seemed to prevent HIV from jumping between cells in the mice.
“For the first time, we’ve used RNAi to dramatically suppress HIV infection in an organism,” said corresponding author Premlata Shankar, who conducted the work while she was a junior investigator at the Immune Disease Institute and an HMS assistant professor of pediatrics. Shankar is now a professor at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in El Paso.
Although labs must verify the findings in other animal models before attempting clinical trials, this method—published online Aug. 7 in Cell—may eventually supplement or replace the harsh drug cocktails currently prescribed to patients with HIV, reducing the side effects of treatment.
When the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 2006 for the discovery of RNAi, the judges speculated that it might “lead to novel therapies in the future.” Researchers hoped to flood specific cells in patients with short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), molecules that silence genes by disrupting the protein templates they produce. But scientists were not sure how to deliver the RNA snippets exclusively into relevant cell types within an organism.
In collaboration with Sang-Kyung Lee of Hanyang University, Shankar’s lab overcame this obstacle, delivering siRNAs directly into T cells, which are targeted by HIV. The team used an apparatus analogous to a truck equipped with GPS and a trailer hitch to haul the siRNAs to their destination. The truck—in this case, a single-chain antibody developed by Georg Fey of the University of Erlangen in Germany—homed to CD7, a protein found exclusively on the surface of T cells. The trailer hitch—an oligo-9–arginine—pulled siRNAs along for the ride via an electrostatic interaction.
The latest antibody delivery vehicle—the culmination of years of work at the Immune Disease Institute—holds several advantages over previous models. Labs can easily mass-produce single-chain antibodies, while archetypal Y-shaped antibodies present more of a challenge. In addition, repeat administration of any large protein elicits an immune response, so the small size of the new trailer hitch confers benefits.
The team conjugated thousands of CD7-specific single-chain antibodies to oligo-9-arginine molecules, loading them with siRNAs targeting three key genes. One encodes the human protein CCR5, which dots the surface of T cells and allows HIV to gain entry. The others encode Vif and Tat—proteins produced by the virus within cells upon infection.
HMS postdoctoral researcher and first author Priti Kumar mixed the siRNAs with the antibody carriers and injected them into the veins of mice that harbor human T cells rather than their own. These mice serve as an animal model of HIV. After being infected with the virus, the mice mirror progression of the disease in humans.
Developed by study co-authors Leonard Shultz of the Jackson Laboratory and Dale Greiner of the University of Massachusetts, these mutant mice (NOD/SCIDIL2rgamma-/-) lack their own immune systems, so they tolerate tissue from other species. The team injected the mice with human blood stem cells, which divided repeatedly, building a human immune system in their hosts. When infected with HIV, the synthetic system seemed to respond as it would in humans, since T cell levels followed the same pattern in both species.
Kumar’s siRNAs halted T cell destruction in the mice, essentially stopping the virus in its tracks.
“Both prophylactic and therapeutic regimens proved successful,” said Kumar. “Apparently, the siRNAs kept HIV from entering most T cells and kept it from replicating when it managed to slip inside.”
Kumar and Shankar caution that labs need to confirm the findings in other animals, tweak the dosage, and tinker with the siRNA delivery vehicle before attempting clinical trials. In addition, the molecules degrade with time, so periodic shots might be necessary to maintain cellular immunity, precluding large-scale vaccination.
“I’m not saying we’ve developed tomorrow’s therapy, but this is a major step forward,” said Shankar. “We’ve used a small animal model for HIV and proven that RNAi works in that model.”
John Rossi, a pioneer in RNA-based therapeutics who was not part of the study, hopes labs will use the new animal model to compare the side effects of potential and existing therapeutic regimens.
“The number one problem with the current antiretroviral drug regimens is toxicity,” said Rossi, a professor at the Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope in California. He wonders if siRNAs will eventually enable doctors to lower the doses of existing HAART drugs in patients, perhaps one day supplementing or replacing the harsh antiretrovirals.
“Overall, I see this work as an exciting proof of principle,” said Rossi. “This is a strategy that can be developed for clinical applications in humans.”
Conflict Disclosure: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Funding Sources: The National Institutes of Health, Korea Ministry of Education and Science Technology, and the Center for AIDS Research at Harvard
