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Black adults experience a disproportionately high burden of cardiovascular risk factors and disease in comparison to white adults in the United States, yet few gender-based analyses of recent national trends exist.
Additionally, it is unclear how disparities in cardiovascular mortality between Black and white Americans have changed over time across key geographic determinants of health, such as living in residentially segregated areas—a direct manifestation of structural racism.
In a new paper published July 18 in Circulation, researchers at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center conducted a comprehensive investigation of national trends in cardiovascular mortality among Black and white women and men across multiple sociodemographic domains.
The team found a decline in cardiovascular mortality rates across all groups over the past 20 years, as well as in disparities in cardiovascular disease-related deaths experienced by Black compared with white Americans, or the absolute difference in death rates between these groups.
Despite this progress, the researchers reported that Black Americans continue to experience higher mortality rates than their white counterparts, particularly Black women younger than 65 and Black women and men living in communities with high levels of racial segregation.
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“Declines in cardiovascular mortality for both Black and white adults over the past two decades reflect substantial progress in cardiovascular disease prevention, advancement in medical therapies and technology for cardiovascular conditions, as well as national efforts to promote awareness of risk factors impacting heart health,” said senior study author Rishi Wadhera, HMS assistant professor of medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess.
“However, we found that significant disparities in cardiovascular mortality between Black and white adults persist.”
The team used publicly available national data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to examine more than 17 million cardiovascular deaths in Black and white adults 25 years or older living in the U.S. from 1999 to 2019.
The researchers cross-referenced the mortality data with information from the U.S. Census Bureau divisions, dividing the nation into four sections: the Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, and West. They also used the NCHS urban-rural classification scheme to classify counties as urban or rural.
The researchers found that age-adjusted mortality rates declined for Black adults (693.2 to 426.8 per 100,000) and white adults (529.6 to 326.5 per 100,000) from 1999 to 2019, and the absolute rate difference between Black and white adults also decreased.
However, the cardiovascular mortality rate remained consistently higher for Black adults throughout the study period.
This pattern remained when the scientists compared cardiovascular mortality rates in Black and white women and in Black and white men.
The relative gap between Black and white women and Black and white men was greatest in the younger subgroups, indicating higher rates of premature deaths from cardiovascular disease in Black women and men.
“Our finding that younger Black women are still more than two times more likely than white women to die of cardiovascular causes is very concerning and parallels well-documented racial and ethnic disparities in maternal health outcomes,” said first author Ashley Kyalwazi, an HMS medical student.
“These disparities were similar, albeit more modest, between Black and white men. This markedly higher premature mortality rates from cardiovascular disease for Black adults is a critically important public health issue, and there is a pressing need for concerted community, health system, and state and federal initiatives to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease in younger populations,” Kyalwazi said.
The team also found that, although mortality rates declined across all groups in all regions, relative reductions in mortality were most pronounced among white individuals, and Black adults had higher mortality rates than their white counterparts in both the rural and urban parts of the country.
In rural areas, the researchers speculate that distance to health care clinics, food insecurity, and high rates of tobacco use, obesity, and diabetes may play roles.
In more urban settings, rising income inequality, which disproportionately affects Black Americans, and environmental stressors may be associated with cardiovascular mortality.
“The ongoing gap in cardiovascular mortality between Black and white adults has likely been driven by systemic inequities and structural racism,” said Wadhera.
“Black adults disproportionately experience social, economic, and environmental barriers toward achieving optimal health. At the policy level, more initiatives are needed to directly address the systemic inequities that perpetuate poor cardiovascular outcomes among Black adults.”
Co-authors include Jiaman Xu, Yang Song, and Robert Yeh of Beth Israel Deaconess; Emefah Loccoh of Brigham and Women’s Hospital; LaPrincess Brewer of Mayo Clinic; Elizabeth Ofili of Morehouse School of Medicine; and Karen Joynt Maddox of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
This work was funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) (R01HL164561 and K23HL148525).
Disclosures: Kyalwazi receives research support from Sarnoff Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Joan and Marcel Zimetbaum fellowships. Brewer was supported by the American Heart Association Amos Medical Faculty Development program (19AMFDP35040005), NIH National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R21 MD013490-01), and CDC (DP18-1817) during the implementation of this work. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or CDC. Yeh receives research support from NHLBI (R01HL136708 and R01HL157530) and Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology; personal fees from Biosense Webster; and grants and personal fees from Abbott Vascular, AstraZeneca, Boston Scientific, and Medtronic outside the submitted work. Wadhera receives research support from NHLBI (R01HL164561 and K23HL148525). He currently serves as a consultant for Abbott and CVS Health outside the submitted work. Please see the paper for a full list of disclosures.
