As researchers develop new therapies based on making specific cells to do specific things, getting the right message to the right group of cells at the right time remains a major challenge. Some scientists have explored using light to communicate with cells, but this method has been restricted by its limited ability to pass through tissues.
Now HMS researchers at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital have developed a way to deliver a light signal to specific tissues deep within the body. They describe their accomplishment in the current issue of Nature Photonics.
“Scientists began investigating light-activated therapy only a few years ago, but it is generating huge interest,” said Seok Hyun (Andy) Yun, HMS associate professor of dermatology and senior author of the study. “One of the best-known examples is the use of optogenetics—activation or deactivation of brain cells by illumination with different colors of light—to treat brain disorders. But how to deliver light deep within the brain or other tissues has been a common problem. The implant we have developed may help solve this problem.”
Called a light-guiding hydrogel, the implant is constructed from a polymer-based scaffolding capable of supporting living cells. The hydrogel contains cells genetically engineered either to carry out a specific activity in response to light or to emit light in response to a particular metabolic signal. An optical fiber connects the implant to an external light source or light detector.
The investigators first determined the properties of the hydrogel—including transparency, flexibility and stability—that would be most appropriate for delivering or detecting a light signal. After finding out how many cells could be implanted into the hydrogel without significantly reducing its ability to transmit a light signal, they developed and tested in mice two different systems, both involving implantation of a 4-centimeter hydrogel beneath the animal’s skin.
The first system’s implants contained cells genetically engineered to express light-emitting green fluorescent protein (GFP) upon contact with a toxin. After confirming in vitro the hydrogels’ response to nanoparticles containing the toxic metal cadmium, the researchers implanted the hydrogels in three groups of mice. One group was then injected with the cadmium nanoparticles, the second received nanoparticles encased in a polymer shell that shielded cells from the toxin, and the third received a control saline injection. The implants produced a GFP signal only in response to the unshielded nanoparticles, indicating their ability to sense a change—in this instance the presence of a toxin—in the cellular environment.
To investigate a possible therapeutic application for the system, the investigators used a hydrogel implant containing cells that respond to blue light by producing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a protein that plays an essential role in glucose metabolism. After the implants were placed in mice with diabetes, the blue light signal was delivered for 12 hours. A day and a half later—48 hours after the implant—the animals that received the light signal had double the level of GLP-1 in their blood, along with significantly better results in a glucose tolerance test, than did implanted mice not treated with light.
“This work combines several existing technologies well known in their respective fields, such as drug delivery, genetic engineering, biomaterial science, and photonics, to build a new implant system that enables the delivery of photomedicine deep in the body,” said Yun, director of the Harvard Bio-Optics Lab. “This is the first time anyone has shown the ability to talk optically—by means of light—with cells deep within the body, both to sense the presence of a toxin and to deliver a cell-based therapy.”
The researchers added that future studies should investigate how changing the shape and structure of the hydrogel can improve the implant’s light-guiding properties, how the production and delivery of a therapeutic protein might be improved, how the immune system would react to long-term implantation, and how light signal could be delivered or detected in ways that would not require passing a fiber through the skin.
Support for the study includes National Institutes of Health grant R21 EB013761, National Science Foundation grant ECS-1101947 and Department of Defense grant FA9550-10-1-0537.
Adapted from a Mass General news release.
