The increased demand for primary care expected to result from the Affordable Care Act may be felt strongly in rural areas. While studies have found that the quality of care delivered to rural patients is as good or better than care available in urban areas, the belief persists that top-quality primary care is available only in big cities.
A new study appearing in the National Rural Health Association’s Journal of Rural Health finds few meaningful differences between rural and urban primary care physicians on key measures of professionalism, including their attitudes about participation in quality care improvement.
The study did find differences in the likelihood of physicians’ knowing a colleague who was impaired or incompetent, in their confidence evaluating new information, and in several aspects of their interactions with patients.
“In terms of professional beliefs and behaviors, we found that rural and urban doctors are more alike than they are different,” said study leader Eric G. Campbell, HMS professor of medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital. “Despite our results and other evidence, the perception still exists that rural primary care is not as good as that available in cities. So we needed to learn more about the factors driving that misperception and the role it may play in the continuing shortage of rural physicians in the U.S.”
Campbell and his co-authors noted that while smaller rural communities may have fewer training options, rural primary-care physicians are significantly more likely to participate in activities such as quality improvement in their practices and hospitals. Rural physicians are more likely to have personal as well as professional relationships with their patients, the authors said, which may give them a better sense of environmental and lifestyle factors that affect patients’ health. Those connections also could lead to challenges when professional responsibilities conflict with patient expectations and perceptions.
The study was designed to determine whether there were significant differences between primary care rural and urban physicians in their professional beliefs and in their interest and participation in quality improvement activities. The survey was sent to almost 3,000 practicing physicians randomly selected from an American Medical Association database, almost 2,000 of whom responded.
The journal article analyzes responses from 840 family practitioners, internists or general pediatricians. Based on ZIP code information, 127 respondents practiced in rural communities, while the other 713 were from urban areas.
There were no significant differences between rural and urban physicians’ attitudes regarding participation in quality improvement activities and the importance of open communication with patients, including reporting any errors in their care. Rural physicians were more likely to participate in error-reduction initiatives, in reviews of other physicians’ records, and to feel prepared to contribute to quality improvement efforts. They also were more likely to agree that physicians should discuss the costs of care with their patients and to report having added Medicaid or uninsured patients to their patient panels during the preceding year.
“Rural physicians are dedicated to providing high-quality care and committed to supporting safety-net patients,” said Anne Kirchhoff, corresponding author and an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Utah. “The Affordable Care Act should help more rural primary care providers receive payments for care they currently provide without charge. But as the Medicaid expansion is limited to only half the states, many rural providers will still shoulder a disproportionate cost burden compared with urban physicians.”
Although both urban and rural physicians agreed on the importance of reporting colleagues who were incompetent or in some way impaired, rural physicians were significantly more likely to indicate actually knowing about such individuals. Similar percentages of both rural and urban doctors felt prepared to deal with impaired or incompetent colleagues.
Rural physicians were more likely to report having fulfilled patient requests for brand-name drugs when less expensive generics were available—a common measure of wasteful medical practice—and were less likely to feel prepared to evaluate new medical information.
“Our findings suggest a deep and broad agreement among primary care physicians on the key tenets of medical professionalism, regardless of the location of their practices,” said Campbell, who is director of research at the Mongan Institute for Health Policy at Mass General. “However, we are concerned that, while rural physicians are more likely to know an impaired physician, most of them do not feel prepared to deal with such colleagues. Although rural physicians were more likely to talk to their patients about the costs of their care, they may not be as drug-cost-conscious as they could be. And many don’t feel prepared to evaluate new clinical information. We need to further explore the implications of these findings, particular since a significant number of the patients enrolling in new Affordable Care Act-sponsored health plans will be from rural areas.”
The study was supported by a grant from the Institute on Medicine as a Profession at Columbia University.
Adapted from a Mass General news release.
