Infertility is a growing problem that can be caused by a wide variety of complex factors. However, about 40 percent of infertility cases can be traced to male factors, such as sperm count, semen quality, and sexual function.

In particular, sperm count and semen quality are thought to be the major drivers of growing infertility rates among males: A previous analysis led by the EARTH study team found that among men seeking fertility treatment, sperm count and quality declined by as much as 42 percent between 2000 and 2017.

“Further, there is increasing evidence that male infertility is associated with common chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disease, highlighting the broader importance of male reproductive health,” said Mínguez-Alarcón.

The EARTH study is a collaboration between the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Mass General to evaluate the effects of environmental and lifestyle factors on fertility.

EARTH has collected samples and survey data from over 1,500 men and women, and the current study focused on a subset of these participants, including 377 male partners in couples seeking treatment at a fertility center.

The researchers found that men who reported often lifting or moving heavy objects at work had 46 percent higher sperm concentration and 44 percent higher total sperm count compared to those with less physical jobs.

Men who reported more physical activity at work also had higher levels of the male sex hormone testosterone and, counterintuitively, the female hormone estrogen.

“Contrary to what some people remember from biology class, ‘male’ and ‘female’ hormones are found in both sexes, but in different amounts,” said Mínguez-Alarcón, who is also a senior research scientist at the Harvard Chan School.

“In this case, we hypothesize that excess testosterone is being converted into estrogen, which is a known way for the body to keep normal levels of both hormones.”

While the current study found a relationship between physical activity and fertility in men seeking fertility treatment, it will take further research to confirm whether these findings hold true for men from the general population. The researchers also hope that future studies will reveal the underlying biological mechanisms at play.

“Reproductive health is important in its own right, but more and more evidence suggests that male infertility can give us insight into broader public health issues, including the most common chronic diseases,” said Mínguez-Alarcón. “Uncovering actionable steps people can take to improve their fertility stands to benefit all of us, not just couples trying to conceive.”

Authorship, funding, disclosures

Co-author Ramy Abou Ghayda works part-time for Legacy, Inc. There are no other conflicts of interest.

Funding was provided by grants R01ES022955, R01ES009718, R01ES033651, and R01ES000002 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Legacy, Inc.

Adapted from a Brigham and Women’s news release.