Researchers at Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital are reporting that xenon gas, used in humans for anesthesia and diagnostic imaging, has the potential to be a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other memory-related disorders.
“We found that xenon gas has the capability of reducing memories of traumatic events” in an animal model, said Edward Meloni, assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and assistant psychologist at McLean Hospital. “It’s an exciting breakthrough, as this has the potential to be a new treatment for individuals suffering from PTSD.”
In the study, published in the current issue of PLOS ONE, Meloni and Marc Kaufman, HMS associate professor of psychiatry at McLean and director of the hospital’s Translational Imaging Laboratory, examined whether a low concentration of xenon gas could interfere with a process called reconsolidation—a state in which reactivated memories become susceptible to modification.
“We know from previous research that each time an emotional memory is recalled, the brain actually restores it as if it were a new memory. With this knowledge, we decided to see whether we could alter the process by introducing xenon gas immediately after a fear memory was reactivated,” explained Meloni.
The investigators used an animal model of PTSD called fear conditioning to train rats to be afraid of environmental cues that were paired with brief foot shocks. Reactivating the fearful memory was done by exposing the rats to those same cues and measuring their freezing response as an indicator of fear.
“We found that a single exposure to the gas, which is known to block NMDA receptors involved in memory formation in the brain, dramatically and persistently reduced fear responses for up to two weeks. It was as though the animals no longer remembered to be afraid of those cues,” said Meloni.
Meloni pointed out that the inherent properties of a gas such as xenon make it especially attractive for targeting dynamic processes such as memory reconsolidation.
“Unlike other drugs or medications that may also block NMDA receptors involved in memory, xenon gets in and out of the brain very quickly,” he said. “This suggests that xenon could be given at the exact time the memory is reactivated, and for a limited amount of time, which may be key features for any potential therapy used in humans.”
For these investigators, several questions remain to be addressed with further testing.
“From here we want to explore whether lower xenon doses or shorter exposure times would also block memory reconsolidation and the expression of fear. We’d also like to know if xenon is as effective at reducing traumatic memories from past events, so-called remote memories, versus the newly formed ones we tested in our study,” said Meloni.
Meloni and Kaufman said that future studies are planned to test whether the effects of xenon seen in their study will translate to humans.
Given that intrusive re-experiencing of traumatic memories—including flashbacks, nightmares, distress and physiological reactions induced when confronted with trauma reminders—is a hallmark symptom for many who suffer from PTSD, a treatment that alleviates the impact of those painful memories could provide welcome relief.
Adapted from a McLean Hospital news release.
