Aspirin is the gold standard for antiplatelet therapy and a daily low-dose aspirin is widely prescribed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Now, a new study suggests that common genetic variation in the gene for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) may modify the cardiovascular benefit of aspirin and, in some people, may confer slight harm. The findings, from Harvard Medical School investigators at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, are published in the American Heart Association journal Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.
“This is one of the few cases where you can identify a single genetic polymorphism which has a significant interaction with aspirin such that it affects whether or not it protects against cardiovascular disease,” said first author Kathryn Hall, an HMS research fellow and investigator in the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care at Beth Israel Deaconess.
COMT is a key enzyme in the metabolism of catecholamines, a group of hormones that include epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. These hormones are implicated in a broad spectrum of disorders, including hypertension.
“We were initially interested in finding out if the COMT gene affected people’s susceptibility to cardiovascular disease, such as myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke,” Hall said.
Knowing that aspirin is commonly prescribed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, the investigators also wanted to learn if genetic variation in COMT would influence aspirin’s potential benefit.
To answer these questions, the researchers used data from the Women’s Genome Health Study, a cohort of more than 23,000 women who were followed for 10 years in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose aspirin or vitamin E for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Their analysis focused on val158met, a common variant in the COMT gene. Individuals who have two copies of the gene for the enzyme’s high-activity valine form, the “val/vals,” have been shown to have lower levels of catecholamines compared to individuals who have two copies of the gene for the enzyme’s low-activity methionine form, the “met/mets.” The val/met people are in between.
“When we examined women in the placebo arm of the trial, we found that the 23 percent of the women who were ‘val/vals’ were naturally protected against cardiovascular disease,” said senior author Daniel Chasman, HMS associate professor of medicine at Brigham and Women’s. He is also a genetic epidemiologist in the Division of Preventive Medicine at the hospital. “This finding, which was replicated in two other population-based studies, was in itself of significant interest.”
The investigation further revealed the surprising discovery that when the women with the val/val polymorphism were allocated to aspirin, this natural protection was eliminated.
“As we continued to look at the effects of drug allocation, we found that val/val women who were randomly assigned to aspirin had more cardiovascular events than the val/vals who were assigned to placebo,” says Chasman. Among the 28 percent of women who were met/met, the opposite was true, and these women had fewer cardiovascular events when assigned to aspirin compared to placebo. The benefit of aspirin compared to placebo allocation for met/mets amounted to reduction of one case of incident cardiovascular disease for 91 treated women over 10 years of study follow-up. By contrast, the harm of aspirin compared to placebo allocation for the val/val women was an increase of one case per 91 treated.
The researchers further found that rates of cardiovascular disease were also reduced in met/met women assigned to vitamin E compared to those assigned to placebo.
The authors stressed that the findings will require further research and replication to understand their potential for clinical impact. Nonetheless, they note that because aspirin is preventively prescribed to millions of individuals and the COMT genetic variant is extremely common, this study underscores the potential importance of individualizing therapies based on genetic profiles.
“What this study suggests is that we can be smarter about the groups of patients that would most likely benefit from aspirin,” said study coauthor Joseph Loscalzo, chairman of the Department of Medicine and physician-in-chief at Brigham and Women’s. He is also the Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic at HMS. “Rather than give aspirin to all patients with risk factors for heart disease, we need to use modern genomics and genetics to identify those individuals for whom aspirin has the greatest benefit and the lowest risk of adverse effects.”
One possible reason for the val/val protection could lie in COMT’s role in the breakdown of epinephrine, the “fight or flight” hormone, which is tightly linked to regulation of the cardiovascular system.
“When epinephrine levels rise in response to stress, blood pressure goes up and high blood pressure is a precursor to heart disease,” said Hall. “One possibility is that val/val individuals have less epinephrine than met/met individuals because their COMT is more efficient at breaking it down. This might help to naturally protect them against cardiovascular disease—that’s our working hypothesis. It’s harder to explain why the effect is modified by aspirin and that’s what we’re in the lab aggressively trying to figure out.”
The Women’s Genome Health Study is supported by HL043851 and HL080467 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and CA 047988 from the National Cancer Institute. This study was also supported by NIH grants T32A5000051; R01AT004662; K24AT004095; R21AT002860; 3R01AT004662-02S1from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Adapted from a Beth Israel Deaconess news release.
