One in four American women of childbearing age are obese, a condition that affects their health and their chances of getting pregnant. Obese women often have poor reproductive outcomes, but the reasons have not been clearly identified.
Now, a novel study led by Catherine Racowsky, HMS professor of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive biologyand director of the Assisted Reproductive Technologies Laboratory at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and performed by Ronit Machtinger, HMS research fellow in obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive biology at Brigham and Women’s, in collaboration with Catherine Combelles of Middlebury College, sheds light on how obesity affects fertility. The study will be published online on September 11 in the journal Human Reproduction.
Racowsky and her colleagues examined 276 mature human eggs (Figure A in the image below) that failed to fertilize from women who were undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures. Of these, 105 eggs were from severely obese women, defined as having a body mass index (BMI) between 35.0 and 50.1 kg/m2, and the other 171 eggs were from women with a normal BMI, defined as between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2. BMI is calculated from a person's height and weight and is considered a reliable indicator of body fatness for most people.
“This study is the first to shed light on how BMI might adversely affect egg quality in women,” said Racowsky. “These observations provide novel insight into a possible cause for the reduced likelihood of success with IVF in severely obese women.”
To have the best chance of fertilizing and supporting embryo development, an egg cell should be “mature,” Racowsky said, with one spindle attached to one organized set of chromosomes (Figure B). This study found severely obese women have a much greater chance of having eggs with multiple spindles and disorganized chromosomes. Specifically:
• Nearly 60 percent of the eggs from the severely obese group had two spindles, while only 35 percent of the eggs from the normal BMI group had two spindles.
• Among the eggs with one spindle, nearly 30 percent of the eggs from the severely obese group had disorganized chromosomes (Figures C and D), while only 9 percent of the eggs from the normal BMI group had disorganized chromosomes.
The study used only eggs that were stimulated through IVF, so Racowsky cautioned that it is not known if these results hold for all eggs. She also said that more research is needed to determine what is causing the spindle abnormalities and disorganized chromosomes.
Adapted from a Brigham and Women’s Hospital news release.
